Ghana is the oldest West African Kingdom. It
was formed around A.D 600 in the Region of Soninke between the Rivers Senegal
and Niger. It's markets were the main places of trade between North Africa and
the land south of the Sahara. The North wanted Ghana's Gold whiles the Sudan
needed Salt. Slavery existed then already - they worked the Salt Fields and the
Gold Mines without any hope of ever getting out.
Ghana
had the Monopoly of the Gold Trade which turned it into a very rich Land. It was
so rich that it's King was known to be the richest King in the world. Initially
Ghana was ruled by the Berbers until the year 790 when the first black King took
the Throne - King Kaya Maghan Ciss. The time between the 9th - 11th
Century Ghana had it's richest and most powerful period until the middle of the
11th Century when Abdullah Ybn Yassin fanatically tried to force all his
subjects to become strict Moslems. He started the convent Almorabetin from which
the name Almoraviden originated. The Almoraviden went to War against Ghana in
1052 and took over the Capital Koumbi Saleh in 1076. During this War most of the
City was destroyed. The Ghanaian people were forced to join the Moslem Religion
and this split up the Ghana Empire. Many Tribes fled Ghana and settled in other
areas. The Akan went south and settled in the area which became today's Ashanti Region. The Mossi Tribe settled at the northern end of the Volta River
and formed today's Burkina Faso among others. History did not end here for the Empire Ghana it just begun. What
we know as Ghana today used to be "Gold Coast". The "Gold
Coast" became famous in the Slave Trade period as it became the main point
of exchange of goods between the Westerners and the Africans. Slavery
had always been a part of the African way of life but these "Slaves" had
rights and were treated fairly. After a certain period of serving, the Slaves
were taken into the family where they lived as a free person. But this changed
when the Slave Trade to the Western World started. In the 15th Century it became
fashionable to have a Black Slave in Europe and the trade with Human Cargo
begun. When Columbus explored the Americas the boom came for Black Ivory as
Slaves were called. To work the Sugar Cane and Cotton fields many hands were
needed and it was soon determined that the native Americans were too fragile for
the job so one needed replacements. This started the barter between the Western
World and Africa. In Ghana the Portuguese were the first "White Man"
to set foot on African soil in the year 1470. They set up in El Mina ( today
Elmina ) where they built the St. Georges Castle. The
Ashanti were the richest and most powerful tribe in the Ghana of those days. The
King of Ashanti wanted to extend his Kingdom as far as possible and was at War
constantly with his neighbors. Through this he took many prisoners and also
needed weapons and ammunition to continue his quest. The Ashanti Kingdom started the trade between the Ashanti and those that were around at that
particular time to trade Gold, Ivory
and Slaves against Weapons, Ammunition, colorful Glass Beads, Material, Cook Ware
and other items foreign but very attractive to the African.
The Portuguese were followed by the Dutch, Danish and finally the British.
The British took over Kumasi, the Capital of the Ashanti Region and
founded the Crown Colony Gold Coast in the year 1874 after a very terrible
war. On
the 6th of March 1957 Ghana got it's Independence as the first Black
African Country. In memory of the once great Empire Ghana, Dr. Kwame
Nkrumah Ghana's first Prime Minister also known as the "Father of the
Nation", christened the new Independent country Ghana. Ghana became a
Republic in 1960 but stayed in the Commonwealth. After 9 years Dr. Nkrumah
was overthrown in 1966 and was sent to Guinea into Exile where he died in
1972. Military
and Civil Government changed hands until the 4th of June 1979 when Flight
Lft. Jerry John Rawlings took
over and formed the AFRC ( Armend Forces Revolutionary Council ). Lieutenant
Rawlings proclaimed his indifference to power and free parliamentary
elections were held in the year 1979 leaving the PNP ( People National
Party ) in power with Dr. Hilla Liemann as President. Lieutenant Rawlings intervened
once again in 1981 and resumed control of Government. After a total
economic collapse in the late 70's and early 80's, Ghana has once again
found it's feet after the Economic Recovery Program Lieutenant Rawlings
established with the help of the IMF and the World Bank Credit Facilities.
In the year 1991, Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings established a new party,
the NDC ( National Democratic Congress ). During the Presidential
Elections in 1992, the NDC won with 58% and in December 1992 the NDC got
190 Seats in Parliament out of 200. In January 1993 the Fourth Republic
was declared and Jerry John Rawlings was sworn in as President. The
following years saw many developments on the economic front as
well as an increase in political freedom and the re-emergence of the free
press. But it also had it's down sides with the ethnic clashes in 1994 in
the north of Ghana resulting of land disputes. Within months this left
6000 dead 10000 homeless and 200 villages were razed. Another crises
occurred in 1995 with the attempt to replace the Income Tax with the Value
Added Tax system. This caused wide spread rioting which resulted in
reverting back to the familiar Sales Tax. Finally
after 10 years as Chairman of the PNDC and 8 years as the President of the
Republic of Ghana Rawlings had to step down according to the Constitution
of the 4th Republic and Ghana saw the end of one era and the beginning of a new
one after the Presidential
Elections in 2000 with Ghana's new President - John Kufour of the New
Patriotic Party - NPP. |